Tolga U. Esmer's article published in "The Cambridge World History of Violence"

Tolga U. Esmer. ‘War, State and the Privatisation of Violence in the Ottoman Empire’, in Robert Antony, Stuart Carroll, and Caroline Dodds Pennock (eds.), The Cambridge World History of Violence, 1500-1800 CE, Vol. III (2020), 194-216.

For more see here: https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-world-history-of-violence/C244F0BAAC47E99EBC1110AF6293D9D7